In this study, growth performance of rainbow trout by using two types of industrial wastes including waste grain processing by industry for bread and pasta as an alternative source of carbohydrate in grower diet, was studied in a completely randomized statistical design. Seven experimental diets were prepared. Amount of carbohydrate materials replacement in diets were: 1) 100% bread wastes 2) 50% bread wastes 3) 100% macaroni wastes 4) 50% macaroni wastes 5) 100% equal mix of bread and macaroni wastes and 6) 50% equal mix of bread and pasta wastes. Diets set by Lindo software. 21 polyethylene net cages (1×1×1 m) used for fish holding in a cement pond (30×3×1.2 m) with 10 l/s water flow. Each cage stoked by 20 fish with initial average weight of 85±5 g. Farming period was 75 days and in this period water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were 14.5±2°c, 7.5-8.8 and 6.8-8.5 mg/l, respectively. In this research some main growth equations (WG, PER, FCR, SGR, DP, CF) and economical factors were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, Dankan analysis and also descriptive statistics. The best growth performance belonged to diet 4, although results diets of 2, 4, 6, and control no different (P<0.05). In term of economic value of used diets, diets 2 had the best result. Carcass analysis in the end of experiment showed that carcass protein and ash contents in all of treatment were same but lipid content in treatments of 1, 3, and 5 were lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed the superiority of the two treatments in which 50% of wheat and corn was replaced by bread wastes. According to the results, the use of mixed pasta and bread wastes instead of 50% wheat brings about good results in terms of growth performance and lower cost than the control diet and is recommended in diet of trout in grower stage.

Corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of Corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of Corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. Corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

The NorFor is a semi-mechanistic system, which predicts nutrient supply and requirements for maintenance, milk production, growth and pregnancy in catlle. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of grinding, pelleting and steam-flaking of corn grain on protein characteristic using NorFor model according to a completely randomized design. Degradability of dry matter and protein of the processed corn were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours after feeding with technique of nylon bags using three mature rams of Zel breed. By using the data gathered from the measurement of ruminal degradability of crude protein of corn, including soluble crude protein (sCP), potentially degradable crude protein (pdCP), degradation rate of potentially degradable crude protein (kdCP), indigestible crude protein (iCP) in feedstuff was estimated in NorFor system it was shown that effective degradability (%) of dry matter and protein steam-flaking of corn grain was higher than grinding, pelleting. Also, the slow fraction of grinding of corn grain was higher, both in dry matter and protein degradation. Corn steam-flaking increased soluble protein (sCP) and total soluble protein (sCP+ pdCP) and potential degradation protein, and reduce the kdCP, comparing with corn pletting (397 in contrast of 816) was significantly different (P<0. 0. (In this sdtudy, indigestibility of crude protein (iCP) was very low. The overall findings of this study indicated that increased rumen degradability of dry matter and protein as well as the total soluble protein (sCP+ pdCP) steam-flaking of corn grain was high.

The experiment was conducted on forty five broiler chickens at 4 weeks of age, for a period of three weeks, to assess the effect of complete replacement of fish meal with processed fish wastes (fish waste acid silage and surimi waste powder) on the blood protein, lipid and antioxidant status in broiler chicken, even though an earlier study indicated that this replacement induced normal growth rate and feed efficiency in broilers. The quality of the meat and involvement of liver enzymes were also assessed in the study. At three weeks of age, they were randomly divided into three groups viz., GI, GII and GIII of 15 birds each. Two experimental diets (D2 and D3) were prepared by replacing 100 percent of dried unsalted fish (animal protein) in the finisher ration of the control diet (D1) by processed fish waste acid silage (D2) and surimi waste powder (D3). All diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. GI, GII and GIII were fed with D1, D2 and D3 diets, respectively from the 4th to the 7th week of age. Blood samples were analysed to evaluate the status of proteins, lipids, liver enzymes, antioxidants and minerals. Meat sample from the pectoral region was utilized for assessing the meat quality. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin were similar in all the groups and they expressed a positive correlation with age. Except for a decrease in HDL-cholesterol in GII birds, the total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol were similar in all the groups at the end of the study. The liver enzymes (ALT and AST) expressed a similar level in all the groups but increased with increase of age. The antioxidants (SOD, Catalase, GSH and LPO) indicated an increased level with increase of age, but were similar in all the groups. The major elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and iron were similar in all the groups and were within the normal levels. The results indicated that processed fish wastes could be used for complete replacement of animal protein requirements in broiler feed, as it adequately meets the nutritional requirements, alleviates stress, has no toxicity and also maintains the meat quality.

Corn wastes generated from starch and glucose production industry were used for the preparation of activated carbons. The prepared activated carbons and a commercial activated carbon were evaluated for their capability of adsorbing pentachlorophenol (PCP) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were performed under different operating conditions including pH (2-8), adsorbent dosage (0.5-4.0 g/l), initial PCP concentration (10-100 mg/l), contact time (30-300 min), and temperature (25-45oC). The kinetics and equilibrium models describing the adsorption of PCP by the prepared adsorbents were obtained. The adsorption of PCP by corn waste-based adsorbents was found to follow the second-order kinetics and the Freundlich equilibrium models. The intraparticle diffusion mechanism was successfully fitted to the obtained experimental data. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic. The adsorbents surface characterization revealed the presence of many functional groups capable of binding the adsorbate molecules. The study results suggest the possible use of corn wastes as a starting material for the production of activated carbon, thus lowering the costs of wastewater treatment processes.

In this study, 750 Arian broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replicates and 30 chicks per each replicate from 1 to 40 d of age. The experimental treatments contained 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% processed corn instead of unprocessed corn in the diet. The processed corn was prepared prior to this experiment through several processing steps including fermentation, cooking and infrared irradiation. All diets were formulated based on the recommendations of the Arian guideline and were nutritionally identical. The results showed that the use of processed corn throughout the rearing period (1 to 40 d of age) had no effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical traits and antibody titers against sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus. Nevertheless, observations at specific time points indicated that, increasing the level of processed corn at 35 days of age led to a linear and quadratic improvement in body weight and feed conversion ratio, while feed intake improved quadratically from 1 to 28 days of age. Additionally, a higher relative breast weight was observed in a linear and quadratic manner. leal digestibility of protein and energy, as well as antibody titer against influenza, increased linearly and quadratically with higher levels of processed corn in the diet (P<0. 05). Overall, Processing corn positively affected growth at certain points, with 75% replacement showing better results than other levels.

High impact polystyrene (HIPS)/corn starch blends were prepared in presence of glycerol as a plasticizer via melt extrusion process by a twin-screw extruder. The novelty of this work is the use of pre-gelatinized corn starch which is a new modified corn starch. In addition, the procedure of making blends by extruder is easy and practical from the industrial point of view. The blends were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visualize their morphology and dispersion of starch in HIPS matrix, soil burial test (SBT) to investigate blend biodegradability by measuring weight loss of samples, Izod impact strength test to evaluate impact properties, and melt flow index (MFI), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Vicat softening point (VSP) tests to evaluate their thermal properties. The results indicated that these properties were affected by the amount of starch and glycerol used for preparation of blends in a way that the addition of starch and glycerol led to a faster degradation rate especially in the first two weeks, more decomposition stages, and a decrease in the values of Izod impact strength and VSP. Measurements also showed that higher amount of starch led to a decrease in the value of melt flow rate (MFR), although it was increased by addition of glycerol.

Background and objectives: Barley as native cereal is the single source of carbohydrate in fattening sheep. But barley causes some problems due to the fast degradation in the rumen like acidosis and decrease in growth performance. So the replacement of barley with another cereal like corn is necessary because corn has slow degradability in the rumen. On the other hand, any change in the ration composition has economical and financial effects in addition to the nutritional effects. Ignoring these financial and economic effects in decision making about the ration composition or changing it, could results in negative consequences. Different ration compositions could simultaneously have different cost and revenue effects and eventually different profitability consequences.Materials and methods: This study has tried to investigate all positive and negative economic consequences of replacement barley with different processed corn in fattening lambs. For this purpose, the used feeds in fattening period were balanced based on the experimental treatments with fixed quantity of protein and energy and 7 treatments/diets including 1) 100% Barley, 2) 50%: 50% Barley & Grinding Corn, 3) 100% Grinding Corn, 4) 50%: 50% Barley & Steam Flaking Corn, 5) 100% Steam Flaking Corn, 6) 50%: 50% Barley & Pelleting Corn and 7) 100% Pelleting Corn. Every treatment included five lambs and each of 35 lambs was individually experimented during 84 days.Results: The results indicated that the rations control treatment and 100% steam flaking corn respectively have the least and the most cost increase for all periods.Also, the rations control treatment and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most revenue increase for all periods.Conclusion: Totally, and based on the partial budgeting results the rations 100% steam flaking corn and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most effects on relative profitability for all periods.

Fast pyrolysis is an attractive technology for biomass conversion, from which bio-oil is the preferred product with a great potential for use in industry and transport. Corn wastes (cob and stover) and eucalyptus wood are widely being produced throughout the world. In this study, fast pyrolysis of these two materials were examined under the temperature of 500oC; career gas flow rate of 660 l h-1; particle size of 1-2 mm; 80 and 110 g h-1 of feed rate. The experiments were carried out in a continuous fluidized bed reactor. Pyrolysis vapor was condensed in 3 cooling traps (15, 0 and -40oC) plus an electrostatic one. Eucalyptus wood was pyrolyised to 12.4, 61.4, and 26.2 percent of bio-char, bio-oil and gas, respectively while these figures were as 20.15, 49.9, and 29.95 for corn wastes. In all experiments, the bio-oil obtained from electrostatic trap was a dark brown and highly viscose liquid.